The U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) announced Monday that its new supercomputer "Roadrunner" had successfully performed 1,000 trillion calculations per second -- the fastest in the world.

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A team of biology and mathematics experts has created living computers by adding genes to Escherichia coli bacteria, showing that computing in living cells is feasible.

The researchers from Davidson College, North Carolina and Missouri Western State University, Missouri, say that their work opens the door to a number of applications like data storage.

Quoted: Centuries ago knowledge traveled with caravans between India to an area what we now call Middle East and back. It were mathematicians (called philosophers) that traveled along and passed the knowledge to people at their destination. Sometimes they were even invited to come over and amuse a king or other rulers in Mesopotamia, Turkey, Egypt, India and China. The same thing happened at courts in Europe, centuries later. Mostly they stayed several years at a king's court and it was no exception that they changed courts from one king to another thousands of miles away. Yet this is how scientists passed the science or knowledge they possessed.

Quoted: Andre Thi Truong is not often confused for the father of the personal computer - at least in the US, heartland of digital tech. But, as it turns out, the 61-year-old French Vietnamese entrepreneur is exactly that.

In 1973, two years before the debut of the famed Altair, his two-year-old company, R2E, created the Micral microcomputer based on an Intel 8008 processor - the genetic ancestor from which all PC generations have followed.

According to the Computer History Museum, the Micral N was the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. The name Micral means small in French slang.

André Truong Trong Thi (EFREI degree, Paris), a French immigrant from Vietnam and François Gernelle developed the Micral N computer for the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), starting in June 1972. Alain Perrier of INRA was looking for a computer for process control in his hygrometric measurements. The software was developed by Benchetrit, with Alain Lacombe and Jean-Claude Beckmann working on the electrical and mechanical aspects.

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This is a timeline, i.e. a chronology, of historically important programming languages.

This article presents a timeline of events in the history of computer operating systems from 1960 to 2007. For a narrative explaining the overall developments, see the History of operating systems.